桑登|西藏的这段血泪史,还有多少人不知道?

桑旦25岁时才第一次吃到肉,他感觉嘴巴里特别香,但还没好好品尝,就闹了肚子。
1940年,桑旦出生在拉萨市达孜区德庆镇的一个农奴家庭。
他每天做10个小时的苦工,只能领到六勺糌粑果腹。他根本没有机会吃肉,胃部无法吸收蛋白质,因此第一次吃肉就闹了肚子。

桑登|西藏的这段血泪史,还有多少人不知道?
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桑旦(左)和他的女儿在家中 图源:中国日报社
桑旦是旧西藏百万农奴中的一个。
Samten, 81, remembers the first time he ate yak meat. He was 25, and he found the juice that burst into his mouth delicious. However, he had never eaten meat before, so his body could not absorb the protein and he got diarrhea. He noted that he was just one of the large number of serfs that accounted for more than 90 percent of Tibet"s population at that time. serf [s?rf] n.(旧时的)农奴“会说话的工具”
如果你没有见过旧西藏,你不会知道现在的西藏发生了怎样天翻地覆的变化。
上世纪五十年代,当全世界已经把“农奴制”视为野蛮落后的过去时,西藏这块土地却仍是黑暗的人间地狱。
从10世纪起,西藏长期实行封建农奴制。到民主改革前,西藏地方政府完全被官家、贵族和寺庙上层僧侣(又称“三大领主”)所掌控。

桑登|西藏的这段血泪史,还有多少人不知道?
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图为萨迦地区的法王出行。 图源:西藏在线网 陈宗烈/摄
Old Tibet was ruled by a theocratic feudal serfdom. This system crushed human dignity and ignored human rights. theocratic feudal serfdom:政教合一的封建农奴制农奴的苦命,是从这种黑暗制度下极不平衡的土地分配开始的。
占人口95%的农奴,拥有的土地连总数的0.3%都不及。没有土地的农牧民,命运完全不在自己手里。

桑登|西藏的这段血泪史,还有多少人不知道?
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旧西藏土地占有情况,农奴一分土地也没有 图源:纪录片《百万农奴站起来》(1959)画面
他们不得不向豪强租地、借粮、借牲畜,成为被剥削的受害者。这些债务到死都还不清,还要成为子孙债。一旦沦为农奴,世世代代永无出头之日。
按照律法,农奴一生还要背负上百种差役捐税,生下来要缴出生税,死了还要缴阎王债。那时,西藏有句谚语:“苛税像牛毛,从生缴到死”。
电影《农奴》的开头就深刻地揭露了这一现实。
强巴出生那天,他的父亲被领主活活打死,奶奶用全部家当缴了出生税,“男孩4两,单眼皮8两”,再也拿不出钱缴阎王债,母亲拿着皮鞭走出房门,以命抵债。

桑登|西藏的这段血泪史,还有多少人不知道?
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电影《农奴》(1963)片段
The serfs and slaves, who accounted for 95 percent of the population, had no means of production or freedom of their own. They were subjected to the three-fold exploitation of corvée labor, taxes, and high-interest loans, and struggled for mere existence.没有土地、负债累累的农奴不得不完全依附于领主。他们丧失了人身自由,就像是私人财产,随意被驱使、转让甚至被剥夺生命。
在农奴主眼中,他们就是会“说话的工具”而已。
桑旦就出生在一个农奴家庭。农奴不允许看医生,他亲眼看到大哥被领主打断腿,伤口感染化脓、爬满蛆虫,几天后痛苦死去……
Samten was born into a family of serfs. His oldest brother was beaten by his owner and lost the use of his legs. Because serfs were not allowed access to doctors, the wounds on his injured lower body quickly became septic and filled with maggots. He died a few days later.新西藏第一代艺术家索朗绕登曾是贵族桑颇家的佣人,他小时候要像牛马一样背着少爷,少爷考试不及格,挨打的是他。“打了以后脸上出血,后来慢慢有个洞,喝水的时候在这个地方水都能流下来,我是经历过的。”

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